India-Pakistan 1
133. Telegram 4881 From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State
The Embassy reported on Chargé Sydney Sober’s meetings with Prime Minister Bhutto regarding the plans of the Pakistani Narcotics Control Board to begin a three-year domestic opium eradication program. The Embassy recommended the use of USAID as a channel for economic “compensation” programs for affected growers.
Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970–73, SOC 11–5 PAK. Limited Official Use. It was repeated to Kabul, Karachi, and Lahore.
134. Telegram 7042 From the Embassy in India to the Department of State
Ambassador Moynihan transmitted a cable in reaction to remarks Indian Ambassador Kaul made to Ambassador Meyer on June 14. Moynihan’s recent conversations with Indian Planning Minister Dhar on June 13, he believed, contradicted Kaul’s assertion that lack of U.S. aid would hinder the development of India’s five-year plan.
Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970–73, AID 3 India. Confidential. State 115596 printed as Document 131. Assistant Secretary Sisco talked to Kaul on July 11 and stated that there was a “new realism” in U.S. foreign policy and the Indian public posture could affect future aid to India. (Telegram 135892 to New Delhi, July 11; National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files)
135. Telegram 5273 From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State
Deputy Chairman of the Pakistani Narcotics Control Board, Qamarul Islam, registered sharp disapproval of the U.S. proposal on eliminating opium production, stating that the U.S. attempt to “dictate” the Pakistan Government’s position was “unacceptable.” Chargé Sydney Sober emphasized a lack of U.S. willingness to dictate policy and urged that the proposal be carefully considered before Bhutto’s official visit to the United States.
Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970–73, SOC 11–5 PAK. Confidential; Exdis; Priority.
136. Research Study RNAS–14 Prepared by the Bureau of Intelligence and Research
The Bureau prepared a study “South Asia: A Look Ahead” on the state of affairs in South Asia on the eve of Prime Minister Bhutto’s state visit to the United States. It focused on Bhutto’s prospects for resuming negotiations with India over the unresolved status of prisoners of war from the 1971 war and the influence of China on these negotiations. Additionally, the report noted Bhutto’s increased public pressure on the United States for the resumption of military aid and speculated on the potential for renewed conflict in South Asia.
Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970–73, POL 7 PAK. Secret; No Foreign Dissem; Controlled Dissem; No Dissem Abroad. It was drafted by Howells; cleared by Jones; and approved by Denney (INR/NEA).
137. Memorandum of Conversation
Indian Ambassador Kaul met with Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Henry Kissinger to discuss the recently concluded U.S.-Soviet summit and its implications for South Asia and Indo-U.S. bilateral relations.
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1030, Presidential/HAK Memoranda of Conversations, HAK/Amb. Jha and Amb. Kaul of India. Top Secret; Sensitive; Exclusively Eyes Only. The meeting took place in Kissinger’s office in the White House. Kaul had a meeting with Deputy Secretary Rush on similar topics. (Telegram 138287 to New Delhi, July 15; National Archives, RG 84, New Delhi Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 97, Subject Files 1973, POL Affairs and Relations 1973, India/US)
138. Research Study RNAS–15 Prepared in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research
The Bureau of Intelligence and Research issued a report “Pakistan under Civilian Government,” which assessed the challenges and prospects for Pakistan’s first civilian government since 1960.
Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970–73, POL 15 PAK. Confidential; No Foreign Dissem. It was drafted by Arietti, cleared by Jones, and approved by Denney.
139. Memorandum of Conversation
Indian Finance Minister Y.B. Chavan and Ambassador Kaul of August 1, 1973 met with Assistant to the President for National Security of Affairs Henry Kissinger to discuss Indo-U.S. bilateral relations, Pakistan, the rupee settlement, and Indian grain purchases.
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1038, Presidential/HAK Memoranda of Conversations, HAK/Ambassador Jha and Ambassador Kaul of India. Confidential. The meeting took place in Kissinger’s office.
140. Memorandum of Conversation
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Henry Kissinger met with Ambassador Sultan Khan to discuss the damage caused by recent severe floods in Pakistan. Kissinger also disclosed that President Richard Nixon had chosen to nominate Henry A. Byroade as his choice for Ambassador to Pakistan.
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1027, Presidential/HAK MemCons, MemCons April–November 1973. Top Secret; Sensitive. The meeting took place in Kissinger’s office in the White House.
141. Memorandum of Conversation
Indian Ambassador Kaul called on the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Henry Kissinger to discuss relations with Pakistan and regional South Asian economic and security issues.
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1030, Presidential/HAK Memoranda of Conversations, HAK/Ambassador Jha and Ambassador Kaul of India. Top Secret; Sensitive; Exclusively Eyes Only. The meeting took place in the Map Room of the White House. The meeting continued in Kissinger’s office, 2:50–3:05 p.m., at which time Finance Minister M. G. Kaul joined the discussion (Ibid). The second conversation is not printed.
142. Memorandum of Conversation
Indian Ambassador Kaul met Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Kissinger to discuss recent developments in Pakistani negotiations at Simla for the return of its prisoners of war from the 1971 war.
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1030, Presidential/HAK Memoranda of Conversations, HAK/Ambassador Jha and Ambassador Kaul of India. Top Secret; Sensitive; Exclusively Eyes Only. The meeting was held at the Western White House.
143. Message From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to Pakistani Prime Minister Bhutto
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Kissinger passed a letter to Prime Minister Bhutto (via Ambassador Sultan Khan) recommending a course of negotiations with the Indians for the release of Pakistani prisoners of war.
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1030, Presidential/HAK MemCons, HAK/Amb. Jha to Amb. Kaul of India. Top Secret. The message was sent as cover to a August 22 letter, not printed, from Kennedy to Ambassador Khan.
144. Memorandum From Richard Kennedy and Harold Saunders of the National Security Council Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)
Kennedy and Saunders suggested, and Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Kissinger approved, a package of material and economic assistance for Pakistan in response to heavy flooding in South Asia.
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 628, Country Files, Middle East, Pakistan, Vol. X. Confidential. Sent for action. Kissinger approved the recommendation.
145. Telegram 9953 From the Embassy in India to the Department of State
The Embassy commented on regional anxieties about Indian expansionism after the 1971 war among its smaller neighbors, particularly Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh. The Embassy expressed a belief that although India’s foreign policy was non-interventionist and thus consistent with U.S. policy, various factors would make tensions inevitable.
Source: National Archives, RG 84, New Delhi Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 97, Subject Files 1973, POL 1–2 Basic Policies 1973. It was drafted on August 22 by Smith; cleared by POL, ECON, and DCM; and approved by Moynihan. Confidential. It was repeated to Colombo, Dhaka, Islamabad, Kabul, Katmandu, London, Rangoon, Tehran, Bombay, Calcutta, Hong Kong, Madras, CINCPAC for POLAD, and to Moscow and USLO Peking by Pouch.
146. Memorandum From the Ambassador to India (Moynihan) to Secretary of State Designate Kissinger
Ambassador Moynihan proposed and commented on a list of potential initiatives to improve bilateral relations between the United States and India.
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1030, Presidential/HAK Memoranda of Conversations, HAK/Amb. Jha and Amb. Kaul of India. Confidential.
147. Memorandum of Conversation
Account of Prime Minister Bhutto’s meeting with President Nixon during the first day of his official visit.
Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Kissinger-Scowcroft West Wing Office File, Box 19, India/Pakistan (2). Top Secret; Eyes Only. The meeting took place in the Oval Office of the White House.
148. Memorandum of Conversation
Prime Minister Bhutto and President Nixon discussed South Asian affairs and the recent floods on the second day of Bhutto’s official visit.
Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Kissinger-Scowcroft West Wing Office File, Box 19, India/Pakistan (2). Top Secret; Eyes Only. The meeting took place in the Oval Office of the White House. Bhutto met later that afternoon at Blair House with Secretary of Defense Schlesinger and Charge Sober regarding military issues with India and the Afghan coup. (ibid.)
149. Memorandum of Conversation
During a luncheon meeting, newly appointed Indian Foreign Minister, Swaran Singh, and Secretary of State Kissinger discussed India’s relationships with Pakistan, China and Afghanistan, sales and transfers of U.S. and Soviet in the region, and U.S. agricultural aid to India.
Source: National Archives, RG 84, New Delhi Embassy Files, Lot 77 F 97, Subject Files 1973, Political Affairs and Relations, 1973 India/US. Confidential. It was drafted by Laingen.
150. National Intelligence Analytical Memorandum 31–73
The memorandum considered a broad range of political and economic factors that could have an effect on Indian-U.S. bilateral relations.
Source: Central Intelligence Agency, NIC Files, Job 79–R01012A, Box 465, NIAM 31–73. Secret; Controlled Dissem. According to the cover sheet, the CIA, the intelligence organizations of the Departments of State and Defense, the NSA, the AEC, and the Treasury prepared this memorandum. All members of the U.S. Intelligence Board concurred in this estimate except the representative of the FBI, who abstained because the subject was outside the Bureau’s jurisdiction.
151. Memorandum From Paul Kreisberg to the Ambassador to India (Moynihan)
Kreisberg relayed statements from India’s Ambassador to the IAEA that indicate his government’s increased interest in the NPT.
Source: National Archives, RG 84, New Delhi Embassy Files, Lot 77 F 97, Subject Files 1973, DEF 18–4 1973. Confidential. It was drafted on November 11 by McCormack. Attached but not printed is Airgram A–603, October 25, from the IAEA Mission in Vienna to the Department.
152. Memorandum of Conversation
Secretary of State Kissinger and Indian Ambassador Kaul met to discuss various topics of mutual concern, including China’s relations with Bangladesh, recent statements by the Pakistani Government regarding Kashmir, the relationships of India to the United States and the Soviet Union, and U.S. naval presence in the Indian Ocean.
Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970–73, POL INDIA–US. Confidential. It was drafted by Kux; cleared by Laingen; and approved in S on January 4, 1974.
153. Telegram 10803 From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State
Ambassador Byroade met with Pakistan Minister of State for Defense and Foreign Affairs Aziz Ahmed to discuss arms policy. Ahmed raised the issue of press reports that the United States had proposed to resume construction of the “Peace Indigo” radar and communications network in India, ending the 1971 embargo.
Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files. Secret; Priority. It was repeated Priority to New Delhi, Tehran, London, CINCPAC, and Kabul. In Telegram Islamabad 431 of January 14, 1974, Byroade described a second meeting with Ahmed in which the Minister stated his belief that the Peace Indigo project, originally meant to provide a defense for India against Chinese air attacks, would be used against Pakistan by India. (National Archives, RG 84, Islamabad Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 114, Secret; Limdis. Sent for Action. It was repeated to New Delhi and CINCPAC).
154. Memorandum From Secretary of State Kissinger to President Nixon
Secretary of State Kissinger presented a memo for President Nixon’s approval of the rupee settlement negotiated by Ambassador Moynihan with the Indian Government. Nixon assented, agreeing to send the proposed settlement to Congress for final approval.
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 755, Presidential Correspondence 1969–1974, India. Sent for action. A stamped notation at the top of the first page indicates the President saw it. Nixon approved the first recommendation. Attached but not printed at Tab A are letters to Prime Minister Gandhi and Ambassador Moynihan.
155. Telegram 82 From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State
Ambassador Byroade offered his views on Pakistan’s need for military assistance from the United States.
Source: National Archives, RG 84, Islamabad Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 114, POL EE–POL 14, Decentralized Subject Files, 1973–74 Pak/US. Secret; Priority; Limdis; Noforn. It was drafted and approved by Byroade and repeated to Kabul, Moscow, London, New Delhi, Tehran, and CINCPAC for Polad.
156. Telegram 943 From the Embassy in India to the Department of State
The Embassy assessed India’s potential for development of nuclear weapons.
Source: National Archives, RG 84, New Delhi Embassy Files: Lot 78 F 45, Subject Files 1974, AE 1 General Policy/Plans 1974. Confidential. It was drafted by McCormack; cleared by DCM, POL, DAO, and SCI; and approved by Moynihan. It was repeated to Dhaka, Colombo, Islamabad, Kabul, Katmandu, London, Moscow, Paris, Tokyo, USLO Beijing, USUN, Geneva, Bombay, Calcutta, Hong Kong, and Madras.
157. Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon
Secretary of State Kissinger recommended text for a congratulatory note to be sent to Prime Minister Bhutto and Prime Minister Mujibur Rahman on the occasion of Pakistan’s formal recognition of Bangladesh.
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 628, Country Files, Middle East, Pakistan, Vol. XI, November 1973–August 1974. Limited Official Use. Sent for action. It was approved by Haig for Nixon. An attached telegram with a copy of Nixon’s congratulation message was transmitted immediate to Dhaka, Islamabad, Lahore, London, and New Delhi on the same day. (Ibid.)
158. Telegram 3236 From the Embassy in India to the Department of State
The Embassy offered a pessimistic appraisal of Indian foreign policy and predicted that country’s further isolation and loss of influence in world affairs.
Source: National Archives, RG 84, New Delhi Embassy Files: Lot 78 F 45, Subject Files 1974, POL AFF Pak India 1974, Jan–June. Confidential. It was drafted by McCormack; cleared by DCM, POL, ECON, S, and DAO; and approved by Moynihan. It was repeated to Colombo, Dakka, Islamabad, Kabul, Katmandu, Moscow, Rangoon, Tokyo, Peking, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, and Hong Kong. In Telegram 2779 from New Delhi, February 26, the Embassy had noted a short-term improvement in India-Pakistan relations following the Pakistani recognition of Bangladesh but predicted that the next five years would be characterized by “limited détente with continued suspicion.” (Ibid.)
159. Telegram 67803 From the Department of State to the Embassy in India
Deputy Secretary of State Kenneth Rush reported on his April 2 meeting with Indian Ambassador Kaul to discuss the establishment of an Indo-U.S. Joint Commission to improve bilateral relations by promoting greater cooperation in educational and cultural exchange, trade and investment, and science and technology.
Source: National Archives, RG 84, Islamabad Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 114, Decentralized Subject Files 1973–1974, Pak/India January–June 1974. Limited Official Use. It was repeated to Islamabad, London, and Tehran. Moynihan describes the Joint Commission as an Indian initiative he first discussed in May 1973 with Ambassador Jha. (Telegram 4558 from New Delhi, April 4; ibid., New Delhi Embassy Files: Lot 78 F 45, Subject Files 1974, POL AFF U.S.-India 1974 Joint Commission)
160. Memorandum of Conversation
Secretary of State Kissinger briefly met with Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singh to discuss Indo-U.S. relations, including food and development aid, as well as India’s foreign relations with its neighbors in the Subcontinent, with China and the Soviet Union, and with the Middle East.
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1028, Presidential/HAK Memoranda of Conversations, March 1974–8 May 1974. Secret. It was drafted by Saunders. The meeting took place in the Secretary’s suite at the Waldorf Towers.