Editorial Note
National Intelligence Estimate NIE–53–54, “Outlook for Afghanistan”, issued on October 19, 1954 (page 1481), contained the following assessment of the Pushtunistan controversy:
“40. The chances for an improvement in Pakistan-Afghan relations, now dominated by the Pushtunistan controversy, are poor. Afghan agitation of the issue is likely to continue, particularly while Daud continues as prime minister. While most other nations oppose the Afghan proposal, covert support from India, and possibly from the USSR, is likely to encourage Afghanistan to persevere in its demands. It is possible that Afghanistan may take the issue to the UN.
“41. Pakistan is unlikely to give in to these pressures. It will probably continue its present policy of economic betterment in the tribal areas and a gradual integration of the tribes into settled life.”